PTSD

PTSD can develop after exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. Core symptoms include intrusive memories or nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related cues, negative changes in thinking or mood, and altered arousal such as hypervigilance or exaggerated startle. Symptoms must persist for more than one month and cause distress or functional impairment to meet diagnostic criteria.

Hypervigilance keeps the nervous system in constant alert, making it hard to relax or trust safety. Flashbacks can feel like reliving the event, often triggered by sights, sounds, or smells. Emotional numbing may include losing interest in activities, feeling detached, or difficulty experiencing positive emotions. These responses are the brain's attempt to protect against harm—even when danger has passed.

Recovery focuses on restoring a sense of safety and control. Evidence-based therapies like trauma-focused CBT or EMDR help reprocess memories and reduce symptoms. Establishing predictable routines, safe spaces, and supportive relationships is foundational. Early intervention—especially within three months of trauma—can prevent chronicity, so reaching out after a traumatic event is important even if symptoms seem mild.